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<title>Modena</title>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Modena</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, see <a href="Modena_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Modena (disambiguation)">Modena (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Modena</div>

<div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="it"><span title="Emilian-language text"><i lang="egl">Mòdna</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="Emilian_language" title="Emilian language">Emilian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></i></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Comune di Modena</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Piazza Grande</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Duomo_di_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Modena">Duomo</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Palazzo Comunale</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Ducal_Palace_of_Modena" title="Ducal Palace of Modena">Ducal Palace</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:86px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="Galleria_Estense" title="Galleria Estense">Galleria Estense</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">

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</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; height:5px;">Location of Modena</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="">

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</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.753%;left:36.918%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Modena"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Modena</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Modena in Italy</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Italy</span></div></div></div><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.694%;left:49.339%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Modena"></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Modena</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Modena (Emilia-Romagna)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Emilia-Romagna</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><span class=" nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="geo:44.64694444444444,10.925555555555555"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°38′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">10°55′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.64694°N 10.92556°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.64694; 10.92556</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Province_of_Modena" title="Province of Modena">Modena</a> (MO)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazioni</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b>Albareto, Baggiovara, Ca' Fusara, Cognento, Cittanova, Collegara, Ganaceto, Lesignana, Marzaglia, Navicello, Portile, San Damaso, San Donnino, Tre Olmi, Villanova</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Massimo_Mezzetti" title="Massimo Mezzetti">Massimo Mezzetti</a> (<a href="Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Ind</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-16139ca327c50d72c40d8c5fd3abe706b989650e-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">183.19 km<sup>2</sup> (70.73 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">34 m (112 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2025)<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">184,739</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000/km<sup>2</sup> (2,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Modenese</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">41121-41126</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="List_of_dialling_codes_in_Italy" title="List of dialling codes in Italy">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">059</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottomilacensus.istat.it/comune/036/036023">036023 </a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Patron saint</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Geminianus" title="Geminianus">San Geminiano</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Saint day</th><td class="infobox-data">31 January</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.comune.modena.it">Official website</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table>

<table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title category" style="font-size:125%;">Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="padding:0.2em;background:#87CEEB;font-size:100%;"><a href="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/827">827</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1997 (21st <a href="World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Modena</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">

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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>-/</span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa">[ˈmɔːdena]</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/be\/It-Modena.ogg\/It-Modena.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"It-Modena.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/It-Modena.ogg/It-Modena.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable">ⓘ</sup></span>; <a href="Emilian_language#Dialects" title="Emilian language">Modenese</a>: <i lang="egl">Mòdna</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="egl-Latn-fonipa">[ˈmɔdnɐ]</span>; <a href="Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>: <i lang="ett">Mutna</i>; <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Mutina</i>) is a city and <i><a href="Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i> (municipality) on the south side of the <a href="Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, in the <a href="Province_of_Modena" title="Province of Modena">Province of Modena</a>, in the <a href="Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> region of <a href="Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">northern Italy</a>. It has 184,739 inhabitants as of 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-population_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A town, and seat of an <a href="Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a>, it is known for its car industry since the factories of the famous Italian upper-class <a href="Sports_car" title="Sports car">sports car</a> makers <a href="Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a>, <a href="De_Tomaso" title="De Tomaso">De Tomaso</a>, <a href="Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>, <a href="Pagani_Automobili" title="Pagani Automobili">Pagani</a> and <a href="Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a> are, or were, located there and all, except Lamborghini, (having their factory in <a href="Sant'Agata_Bolognese" title="Sant'Agata Bolognese">Sant'Agata Bolognese</a>), have headquarters in the city or nearby. One of Ferrari's cars, the <a href="Ferrari_360" title="Ferrari 360">360 Modena</a>, was named after the town itself. Ferrari's production plant and <a href="Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> team <a href="Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Scuderia Ferrari</a> are based in <a href="Maranello" title="Maranello">Maranello</a> south of the city.

</p><p>The <a href="University_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Modena">University of Modena</a>, founded in 1175 and expanded by <a href="Francesco_II_d'Este" title="Francesco II d'Este">Francesco II d'Este</a> in 1686, focuses on <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="Law" title="Law">law</a>, and is the second oldest <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/athenaeum" class="extiw external" title="wikt:athenaeum">athenaeum</a> in Italy. Italian military officers are trained at the <a href="Military_Academy_of_Modena" title="Military Academy of Modena">Military Academy of Modena</a>, and partly housed in the Baroque <a href="Ducal_Palace_of_Modena" title="Ducal Palace of Modena">Ducal Palace</a>. The <a href="Biblioteca_Estense" title="Biblioteca Estense">Biblioteca Estense</a> houses historical volumes and 3,000 manuscripts. The <a href="Duomo_di_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Modena">Cathedral of Modena</a>, the <a href="Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and Piazza Grande are a <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1997. Modena is also known in culinary circles for its production of <a href="Balsamic_vinegar" title="Balsamic vinegar">balsamic vinegar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Famous <i>Modenesi</i> include <a href="Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a>, the <a href="Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">Queen consort</a> of England and Scotland; operatic tenor <a href="Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> and soprano <a href="Mirella_Freni" title="Mirella Freni">Mirella Freni</a>, born in Modena itself; <a href="Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, eponymous founder of the Ferrari motor company; Catholic priest <a href="Gabriele_Amorth" title="Gabriele Amorth">Gabriele Amorth</a>; chef <a href="Massimo_Bottura" title="Massimo Bottura">Massimo Bottura</a>; comics artist <a href="Franco_Bonvicini" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco Bonvicini">Franco Bonvicini</a>; the band <a href="Modena_City_Ramblers" title="Modena City Ramblers">Modena City Ramblers</a> and singer-songwriter <a href="Francesco_Guccini" title="Francesco Guccini">Francesco Guccini</a>, who lived here for several decades.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="Timeline_of_Modena" title="Timeline of Modena">Timeline of Modena</a>.</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_times">Ancient times</h3></div>

<p>The territory around Modena (<a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Mutina</i>, <a href="Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>: <i lang="ett">Mutna</i>) was inhabited by the <a href="Villanovan" class="mw-redirect" title="Villanovan">Villanovans</a> in the <a href="Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, and later by <a href="Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligurian</a> tribes, <a href="Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, and the <a href="Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> <a href="Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> (the settlement itself being Etruscan). Although the exact date of its foundation is unknown, it is known that it was already in existence in the 3rd century BC, for in 218 BC, during <a href="Hannibal's_invasion_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibal's invasion of Italy">Hannibal's invasion of Italy</a>, the Boii revolted and laid siege to the city. <a href="Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> described it as a fortified citadel where Roman magistrates took shelter. The outcome of the siege is not known, but the city was most likely abandoned after Hannibal's arrival. Mutina was refounded as a Roman colony in 183 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be used as a military base by <a href="Marcus_Aemilius_Lepidus_(consul_187_BC)" title="Marcus Aemilius Lepidus (consul 187 BC)">Marcus Aemilius Lepidus</a>, causing the Ligurians to sack it in 177 BC. Nonetheless, it was rebuilt, and quickly became the most important centre in <a href="Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, both because of its strategic importance and because it was on an important crossroads between <a href="Via_Aemilia" title="Via Aemilia">Via Aemilia</a> and the road going to <a href="Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>.

</p>

<p>In the 1st century BC, Mutina was besieged twice. The first siege was by <a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> in 78 BC, when Mutina was defended by <a href="Marcus_Junius_Brutus_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Junius Brutus the Elder">Marcus Junius Brutus</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a populist leader, not to be confused with his son, Caesar's best known assassin). The city eventually surrendered out of hunger, and Brutus fled, only to be slain in <a href="Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Regium Lepidi</a>. In the civil war following <a href="Caesar's_assassination" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar's assassination">Caesar's assassination</a>, the city was besieged again, this time by <a href="Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a>, in 44 BC, and defended by <a href="Decimus_Junius_Brutus_Albinus" title="Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus">Decimus Junius Brutus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a> relieved the city with the help of the Senate (see: <a href="Battle_of_Mutina" title="Battle of Mutina">Battle of Mutina</a>).

</p><p><a href="Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> called it <i>Mutina splendidissima</i> ("most beautiful Mutina") in his <i>Philippics</i> (44 BC). Until the 3rd century AD, it kept its position as the most important city in the newly formed province <a href="Emilia_(region_of_Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilia (region of Italy)">Aemilia</a>, but the fall of the Empire brought Mutina down with it, as it was used as a military base both against the barbarians and in the civil wars. It is said that Mutina was never sacked by <a href="Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, for a dense fog hid it (a miracle said to be provided by <a href="Saint_Geminianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Geminianus">Saint Geminianus</a>, bishop and patron of Modena), but it was eventually buried by a great flood in the 7th century and abandoned.

</p><p>In December 2008, Italian researchers discovered the pottery center where the oil lamps that lit the ancient Roman empire were made. Evidence of the pottery workshops emerged in Modena, during construction work to build a residential complex near the ancient walls of the city. "We found a large ancient Roman dumping filled with pottery scraps. There were vases, bottles, bricks, but most of all, hundreds of oil lamps, each bearing their maker's name", Donato Labate, the archaeologist in charge of the dig, stated.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>

<p>Its exiles founded a new city a few miles to the northwest, still represented by the village of Cittanova (literally "new city"). About the end of the 9th century, Modena was restored and refortified by its bishop, Ludovicus. At about this time the <i><a href="Song_of_the_Watchmen_of_Modena" title="Song of the Watchmen of Modena">Song of the Watchmen of Modena</a></i> was composed. Later the city was part of the possessions of the Countess <a href="Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a>, becoming a free <a href="Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">comune</a> starting from the 12th century. In the wars between <a href="Frederick_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick II</a> and <a href="Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> Modena sided with the emperor.

</p><p>The <a href="Este_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Este Family">Este family</a> were identified as lords of Modena from 1288 (<a href="Obizzo_II_d'Este%2C_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Obizzo II d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Obizzo d'Este</a>). After the death of Obizzo's successor (<a href="Azzo_VIII_d'Este%2C_Marquis_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Azzo VIII d'Este, Marquis of Ferrara">Azzo VIII</a>, in 1308) the <a href="Comune" title="Comune">comune</a> reasserted itself, but by 1336 the Este family was permanently in power. Under <a href="Borso_d'Este" title="Borso d'Este">Borso d'Este</a>, Modena was made a duchy.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_and_contemporary_(Renaissance)">Late modern and contemporary (Renaissance)</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></div>

<p>Enlarged and fortified by <a href="Ercole_II_d'Este%2C_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ercole II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Ercole II</a>, it was made the primary ducal residence when <a href="Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a>, the main Este seat, fell to the Pope in 1598. <a href="Francesco_I_d'Este%2C_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena</a> (1629–1658) built the citadel and began the palace, which was largely embellished by <a href="Francesco_II_d'Este%2C_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco II d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco II</a>. In the 18th century, <a href="Rinaldo_d'Este%2C_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinaldo d'Este, Duke of Modena">Rinaldo d'Este</a> was twice driven from his city by French invasions, and <a href="Francesco_III_d'Este" title="Francesco III d'Este">Francesco III</a> built many of Modena's public buildings, but the Este pictures were sold and many of them wound up in <a href="Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. <a href="Ercole_III_d'Este" title="Ercole III d'Este">Ercole III</a> died in exile at <a href="Treviso" title="Treviso">Treviso</a>, having refused Napoleonic offers of compensation when Modena was made part of the Napoleonic <a href="Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>. His only daughter, <a href="Maria_Beatrice_d'Este%2C_Duchess_of_Massa" title="Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa">Maria Beatrice d'Este</a>, married <a href="Ferdinand_I%2C_Archduke_of_Austria-Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este">Ferdinand I, Archduke of Austria-Este</a>, son of Empress <a href="Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa of Austria</a>; and in 1814 their eldest son, <a href="Francis_IV%2C_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis IV, Duke of Modena">Francis IV</a>, received back the estates of the Este. Quickly, in 1816, he dismantled the fortifications and began Modena's years under Austrian rule.

</p><p>His son <a href="Francis_V%2C_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V</a> was considered a just ruler, and famously tended the victims of war and <a href="Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> with his own hands. However, he too had to face yet more foreign-inspired revolutions and was temporarily expelled from Modena in the <a href="Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. He was restored, amidst wide popular acclaim, by Austrian troops. Ten years later, on 20 August 1859, the revolutionaries again invaded (this time the Piedmontese), annexing Modena to the revolutionary Savoyard <a href="Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div>

<p>Modena lies on the <a href="Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Pianura Padana</a>, and is bounded by the two rivers <a href="Secchia" title="Secchia">Secchia</a> and <a href="Panaro_(river)" title="Panaro (river)">Panaro</a>, both affluents of the <a href="Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po River</a>. Their presence is symbolized by the Two Rivers Fountain in the city's center, by <a href="Giuseppe_Graziosi" title="Giuseppe Graziosi">Giuseppe Graziosi</a>. The city is connected to the Panaro by the Naviglio channel. The <a href="Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a> begin some 10 kilometres (6 miles) from the city, to the south. The comune is divided into four <i><a href="Circoscrizioni" class="mw-redirect" title="Circoscrizioni">circoscrizioni</a></i>. These are:

</p>

<ul><li>Centro storico (Historical Center, San Cataldo)</li>

<li>Crocetta (San Lazzaro-East Modena, Crocetta)</li>

<li>Buon Pastore (Buon Pastore, Sant'Agnese, San Damaso)</li>

<li>San Faustino (S.Faustino-Saliceta San Giuliano, Madonnina-Quattro Ville)</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div>

<p>Modena has a <a href="Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, with <a href="Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">continental</a> influences. It has an average annual precipitation of 809 millimetres (31.9 in). Summers are hot and winters are cool, with <a href="Snow" title="Snow">snowfall</a>. This climate is described by the <a href="K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> as <i>Cfa</i>.

</p>

<div>

<th colspan="14">Climate data for Modena (1991–2020)

</th></tr>

<tr>

<th scope="row">Month

</th>

<th scope="col">Jan

</th>

<th scope="col">Feb

</th>

<th scope="col">Mar

</th>

<th scope="col">Apr

</th>

<th scope="col">May

</th>

<th scope="col">Jun

</th>

<th scope="col">Jul

</th>

<th scope="col">Aug

</th>

<th scope="col">Sep

</th>

<th scope="col">Oct

</th>

<th scope="col">Nov

</th>

<th scope="col">Dec

</th>

<th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year

</th></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br>(77.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br>(72.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br>(80.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br>(87.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br>(95.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br>(100.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF0F00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.3<br>(102.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.5<br>(103.1)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br>(93.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br>(84.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br>(73.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br>(63.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF0D00; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.5<br>(103.1)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #FFF0E2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6<br>(43.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br>(48.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.6<br>(58.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br>(65.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br>(74.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br>(82.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br>(87.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.5<br>(86.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br>(77.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br>(65.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.1<br>(53.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFEDDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1<br>(44.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.8<br>(65.8)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br>(38.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2<br>(41.4)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br>(49.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br>(56.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br>(64.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.7<br>(72.9)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br>(77.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9<br>(76.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br>(67.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.7<br>(58.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br>(48.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2<br>(39.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFBC79; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.2<br>(57.6)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.4<br>(32.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br>(34.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br>(40.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br>(47.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1<br>(55.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br>(63.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br>(66.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br>(58.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br>(51.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br>(42.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3<br>(34.3)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.7<br>(49.5)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F)

</th>

<td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.0<br>(14.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.0<br>(3.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br>(19.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0<br>(26.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br>(38.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br>(45.7)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br>(44.6)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0<br>(48.2)

</td>

<td style="background: #FFF4EA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0<br>(42.8)

</td>

<td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br>(25.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0<br>(23.0)

</td>

<td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.4<br>(11.5)

</td>

<td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−16.0<br>(3.2)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches)

</th>

<td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br>(1.32)

</td>

<td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6<br>(2.03)

</td>

<td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.5<br>(1.75)

</td>

<td style="background: #9DFF9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63.0<br>(2.48)

</td>

<td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.0<br>(2.52)

</td>

<td style="background: #9FFF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.7<br>(2.43)

</td>

<td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.3<br>(1.39)

</td>

<td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.4<br>(1.59)

</td>

<td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.6<br>(2.19)

</td>

<td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br>(2.96)

</td>

<td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.3<br>(2.96)

</td>

<td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.7<br>(2.15)

</td>

<td style="background: #ACFFAC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">654.9<br>(25.77)

</td></tr>

<th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span>

</th>

<td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5

</td>

<td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6

</td>

<td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5

</td>

<td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8

</td>

<td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6

</td>

<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5

</td>

<td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3

</td>

<td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4

</td>

<td style="background: #BFBFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5

</td>

<td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8

</td>

<td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8

</td>

<td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6

</td>

<td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Arpae Emilia-Romagna<sup id="cite_ref-Clim_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clim-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Climi e viaggi (precipitation days)<sup id="cite_ref-Clim2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clim2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_mayors_of_Modena" title="List of mayors of Modena">List of mayors of Modena</a></div>

<p>From 1946 to 1992, Modena had a series of <a href="Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Communist</a> mayors. From the 1990s, the city has been governed by <a href="Centre-left_coalition_(Italy)" title="Centre-left coalition (Italy)">center-left coalitions</a>. The legislative body of the municipality (<i><a href="Comune" title="Comune">comune</a></i>) is the City Council (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Consiglio Comunale</i></span>), which is composed by 32 members elected (jointly with the mayor) by the citizens every five years. Modena's executive body is the City Committee (<i>Giunta Comunale</i>), which is composed by 9 <a href="Assessor_(Italy)" title="Assessor (Italy)">assessors</a> (appointed and dismissed by the mayor), of which one is deputy-mayor, and the mayor. The mayor from 2019 to 2024 of Modena was <a href="Gian_Carlo_Muzzarelli" title="Gian Carlo Muzzarelli">Gian Carlo Muzzarelli</a>, a member of the <a href="Democratic_Party_(Italy)" title="Democratic Party (Italy)">Democratic Party</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div>

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</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">52,629</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">56,995</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">57,520</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">63,012</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">71,922</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+14.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">81,590</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">89,741</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+10.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">96,337</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">111,364</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+15.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">139,183</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+25.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">171,072</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">180,312</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">176,990</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">175,502</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">179,149</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">184,971</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeseries_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeseries-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>As of 2025, Modena has a population of 184,739, with the population density being at 1,008.0/km<sup>2</sup> (2,610.7/sq mi). In 2011, minors (children ages 18 and younger) totaled 16.2 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 22.5 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9 percent (pensioners). The average age of Modena resident is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. Between 2011 and 2021, Modena grew by 3.2%, while Italy as a whole declined by 0.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-timeseries_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeseries-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current birth rate of Modena is 9.62 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

</p><p>As of 2006, 89.6% of the population was <a href="Italians" title="Italians">Italian</a>. The largest foreign group comes from other parts of Europe (namely <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>): 3.9%, followed by <a href="North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>: 2.4%, and <a href="Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>: 1.9%.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ducal_Palace">Ducal Palace</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Ducal_Palace_of_Modena" title="Ducal Palace of Modena">Ducal Palace of Modena</a>, initiated by <a href="Francesco_I_d'Este" title="Francesco I d'Este">Francesco I d'Este</a> in 1634 and completed by <a href="Francis_V%2C_Duke_of_Modena" title="Francis V, Duke of Modena">Francis V</a>, was the seat of the Este court from the 17th to 19th century. The palace occupies the site of the former Este Castle, once located in the periphery of the city. Although generally credited to <a href="Bartolomeo_Avanzini" title="Bartolomeo Avanzini">Bartolomeo Avanzini</a>, it has been suggested that advice and guidance in the design process had been sought from the contemporary luminaries, <a href="Pietro_da_Cortona" title="Pietro da Cortona">Cortona</a>, <a href="Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Bernini</a>, and <a href="Francesco_Borromini" title="Francesco Borromini">Borromini</a>.

</p><p>The Palace currently houses the <a href="Accademia_Militare_di_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia Militare di Modena">Accademia Militare di Modena</a>, the Military Museum and a precious library.

</p><p>The Palace has a Baroque façade, from which the Honour Court (where the military ceremonies are held) and the Honour Staircase can be accessed. The Central Hall has a frescoed ceiling with the 17th-century <i>Incoronation of Bradamante</i> by <a href="Marco_Antonio_Franceschini" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Antonio Franceschini">Marco Antonio Franceschini</a>. The <i>Salottino d'Oro</i> ("Golden Hall"), covered with gilted removable panels, was used by Duke Francis III as his main cabinet of work.

</p>

<p>Facing the Piazza Grande (a <a href="UNESCO_World_heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World heritage site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>), the Town Hall of Modena was put together in the 17th and 18th centuries from several pre-existing edifices built from 1046 as municipal offices.

</p><p>It is characterized by a Clock Tower (<i>Torre dell'Orologio</i>, late 15th century), once paired with another tower (<i>Torre Civica</i>) demolished after an earthquake in 1671. In the interior, noteworthy is the <i>Sala del Fuoco</i> ("Fire Hall"), with a painted frieze by <a href="Niccol%C3%B2_dell'Abbate" title="Niccolò dell'Abbate">Niccolò dell'Abbate</a> (1546) portraying famous characters from Ancient Rome against a typical Emilia background. The <i>Camerino dei Confirmati</i> ("Chamber of the Confirmed") houses one of the symbols of the city, the <i>Secchia Rapita</i>, a bucket kept in memory of the victorious <a href="Battle_of_Zappolino" title="Battle of Zappolino">Battle of Zappolino</a> (1325) against <a href="Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>. This relic inspired the poem of the same title by <a href="Alessandro_Tassoni" title="Alessandro Tassoni">Alessandro Tassoni</a>. Another relic from the Middle Ages in Modena is the <i>Preda Ringadora</i>, a rectangular marble stone next to the palace porch, used as a speakers' platform, and the statue called <i>La Bonissima</i> ("The Very Good"): the latter, portraying a female figure, was erected in the square in 1268 and later installed over the porch.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Cathedral_and_the_Ghirlandina">The Cathedral and the Ghirlandina</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Duomo_di_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Modena">Duomo di Modena</a> and <a href="Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a></div>

<p>The Cathedral of Modena and the annexed campanile are a <a href="UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Begun under the direction of the Countess <a href="Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its first stone laid 6 June 1099 and its crypt ready for the city's patron, <a href="Saint_Geminianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Geminianus">Saint Geminianus</a>, and consecrated only six years later, the Duomo of Modena was finished in 1184. The building of a great cathedral in this flood-prone ravaged former center of <a href="Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a> was an act of <a href="Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> in itself, and an expression of the flood of piety that motivated the contemporary <a href="First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. Unusually, the master builder's name, <a href="Lanfranco" title="Lanfranco">Lanfranco</a>, was celebrated in his own day: the city's chronicler expressed the popular confidence in the master-mason from <a href="Como" title="Como">Como</a>, Lanfranco: by God's mercy the man was found (<i>inventus est vir</i>).

</p><p>The sculptor <a href="Wiligelmo" title="Wiligelmo">Wiligelmus</a> who directed the mason's yard was praised in the plaque that commemorated the founding. The program of the sculpture is not lost in a welter of detail: the wild dangerous universe of the exterior is mediated by the Biblical figures of the portals leading to the Christian world of the interior. In Wiligelmus' sculpture at Modena, the human body takes on a renewed physicality it had lost in the schematic symbolic figures of previous centuries. At the east end, three <a href="Apse" title="Apse">apses</a> reflect the division of the body of the cathedral into nave and wide aisles with their bold, solid masses. Modena's Duomo inspired campaigns of cathedral and abbey building in emulation through the valley of the <a href="Po_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Po River">Po</a>.

</p><p>The <a href="Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> <a href="Campanile" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">campanile</a> (1224–1319) is called <i><a href="Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a></i> from the bronze garland surrounding the weathercock.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_churches">Other churches</h3></div>

<ul><li><a href="San_Vincenzo%2C_Modena" title="San Vincenzo, Modena">San Vincenzo</a>: erected in 17th century over a prior 13th-century church. The original design was by Paolo Reggiano, but completed by Bernardo Castagnini, probably helped by the young <a href="Guarino_Guarini" title="Guarino Guarini">Guarino Guarini</a>. The interior contains frescoes by <a href="Sigismondo_Caula" title="Sigismondo Caula">Sigismondo Caula</a> portraying episodes of the <i>Lives of Saints <a href="Vincent_of_Saragossa" title="Vincent of Saragossa">Vincent</a> and <a href="Cajetan" title="Cajetan">Cajetan</a></i>. The dome was destroyed during World War II. This church houses the funerary monuments of the Dukes of Este.</li>

<li><a href="Santa_Maria_della_Pomposa%2C_Modena" title="Santa Maria della Pomposa, Modena">Santa Maria della Pomposa</a>: also known as <i>Aedes Muratoriana</i>, is probably the oldest religious church in town, documented as early as 1135. Little remains of the original medieval temple. Construction of the present church is mainly due to <a href="Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Ludovico Antonio Muratori</a>, the parish priest (1716–1750), who rebuilt it from the ground.</li>

<li>San Giovanni Decollato: church of <i>St. John Baptist Beheaded</i> built in the 16th century over a pre-existing temple dedicated to St Michael, and modified in 18th century.</li>

<li><a href="Sant'Agostino%2C_Modena" title="Sant'Agostino, Modena">Sant'Agostino</a>: 14th-century church of St Augustine, largely renovated in 1663 for the funeral of <a href="Alfonso_IV_d'Este" title="Alfonso IV d'Este">Alfonso IV d'Este</a>. The sober original structure was embellished with 17th-century stuccoes and a panelled ceiling. The most notable artwork is the <i>Deposition</i> (1476) by the Modenese <a href="Antonio_Begarelli" title="Antonio Begarelli">Antonio Begarelli</a>, once in the church of San Giovanni Battista. Traces of a 14th-century fresco by <a href="Tommaso_da_Modena" title="Tommaso da Modena">Tommaso da Modena</a> can still be seen.</li>

<li><a href="San_Francesco%2C_Modena" title="San Francesco, Modena">San Francesco</a>: construction of the church of St Francis begun in 1224 by the <a href="Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, and not finished for two centuries. The Gothic-style church houses one of Begarelli's masterworks, a <i>Deposition of Christ</i> made up of thirteen statues.</li>

<li><a href="San_Pietro%2C_Modena" title="San Pietro, Modena">San Pietro</a>: church erected, according to tradition, over the temple of <a href="Jupiter_Capitolinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter Capitolinus">Jupiter Capitolinus</a>. The current <a href="Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a>-style edifice is from 1476, built next to a <a href="Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> abbey founded in 996 outside the city walls; the church is among the few 15th-century structures of this style Modena. The interior has a 15th-century organ and numerous terracotta works by Begarelli. The campanile was built in 1629.</li>

<li>San Giorgio: church of St George, and also known as the Sanctuary of the Blessed Virgin Helper of the Modenese People. The church boasts a venerated image of the Madonna as a main altarpiece. The main altar (1666) was built with polychrome marbles by Antonio Loraghi. The layout is that of a Greek cross, and was erected in 1647.</li>

<li><a href="San_Bartolomeo%2C_Modena" title="San Bartolomeo, Modena">San Bartolomeo, Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiesa_del_Voto%2C_Modena" title="Chiesa del Voto, Modena">Chiesa del Voto</a>: Votive Church erected after the cessation of the <a href="Italian_plague_of_1629%E2%80%9331" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian plague of 1629–31">Plague of 1630</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogue">Synagogue</h3></div>

<ul><li>The Synagogue, opposite the Palazzo Comunale, was built by the Jewish community of Modena in Lombardesque style and inaugurated in 1873.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sights">Other sights</h3></div>

<ul><li>Mercato Albinelli, a historical covered market founded in 1931</li>

<li><a href="Orto_Botanico_dell'Universit%C3%A0_di_Modena_e_Reggio_Emilia" title="Orto Botanico dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia">Orto Botanico dell'Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia</a>, a <a href="Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a></li>

<li>San Cataldo Cemetery, designed by avant-gardist Italian architect <a href="Aldo_Rossi" title="Aldo Rossi">Aldo Rossi</a> (1971–1997)</li>

<li>Home (museum) of <a href="Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museum_Palace">Museum Palace</h4></div>

<p>The Museum Palace, on the St. Augustine square, is an example of civil architecture from the Este period, built as a Hostel for the poor, together with the nearby Hospital in the late 18th century. Today it houses the main museums of Modena:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Estense_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Estense Gallery">Estense Gallery</a>, with works by <a href="Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>, <a href="Guido_Reni" title="Guido Reni">Guido Reni</a>, <a href="Correggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Correggio">Correggio</a>, <a href="Cosm%C3%A9_Tura" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmé Tura">Cosmé Tura</a> and brothers <a href="Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale</a> and <a href="Agostino_Carracci" title="Agostino Carracci">Agostino Carracci</a>. The most famous works are the two portraits of Francis I d'Este, a sculpture by <a href="Gian_Lorenzo_Bernini" title="Gian Lorenzo Bernini">Gian Lorenzo Bernini</a> and a canvas by <a href="Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez" title="Diego Velázquez">Diego Velázquez</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Biblioteca_Estense" title="Biblioteca Estense">Estense Library</a>, one of the most important libraries in Italy.</li>

<li>Museum of Medieval and Modern Art.</li>

<li>Municipal Museum of <a href="Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>.</li>

<li>Este Headstones Museum.</li>

<li>Roman Lapidary Museum.</li>

<li>Graziosi Gallery of Plaster Casts.</li>

<li>City Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology.</li></ul>

<p>The Estense Gallery and Library have reopened on 29 May 2015 after the <a href="2012_Northern_Italy_earthquakes" title="2012 Northern Italy earthquakes">earthquake of 2012</a>. The Gallery has been completely restored but some pieces are still damaged and thus cannot be seen.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museums_of_the_Cathedral">Museums of the Cathedral</h4></div>

<p>Opened for the <a href="Great_Jubilee" title="Great Jubilee">Great Jubilee</a> in 2000, the Museum of the Cathedral houses a rich collection of artistic heritage, in particular liturgical ornaments and furnishings. Apart from the finds of the cathedral building site by Wiligelmus and Lanfranco, such as romanesque metopes and roof decorations, in the Lapidary there are also reliefs, sculptures and inscriptions of the Roman, Medieval and Renaissance era found in the cathedral area during the restoration works between the 19th and the 20th century.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museum_Enzo_Ferrari">Museum Enzo Ferrari</h4></div>

<p>Inaugurated on 10 March 2012, the <a href="Museo_Casa_Enzo_Ferrari" title="Museo Casa Enzo Ferrari">museum complex</a> includes <a href="Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>'s birthplace and a futuristic automotive design gallery, painted in the yellow that Enzo Ferrari chose as the background for the Prancing horse on his logo. The exhibition gallery was designed by the famous architect <a href="Jan_Kaplick%C3%BD" title="Jan Kaplický">Jan Kaplický</a>, who suddenly died in 2009, and carried on by his associate and loyal assistant Andrea Morgante.

</p><p>The interior features a multimedia display of pictures, unpublished films and precious mementoes of Enzo Ferrari's life as a man, driver and car-maker throughout the 20th century.

</p><p>The Exhibition Gallery houses a flexible mounting representing story, figures, places and races of the Modenese sport motor racing.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Museum_of_Collectible_Cards">Museum of Collectible Cards</h4></div>

<p>Founded in 1986 by Giuseppe Panini, who then decided to donate his collection to the city, the <a href="Museo_della_figurina" title="Museo della figurina">Museo della figurina</a> was opened to the public on 15 December 2006. It is located inside the Santa Margherita Palace, which also houses the Delfini Library and the City Gallery.

</p><p>The Museum houses several collections, including, apart from the classic stickers, cigarette cards, letter seals, matchboxes and calendars, all of which represent a very important historical document of the development of picture cards throughout the years.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teatro_Comunale_Modena">Teatro Comunale Modena</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Teatro_Comunale_Modena" title="Teatro Comunale Modena">Teatro Comunale Modena</a> (Community Theatre of Modena, but renamed in October 2007 as "Teatro Comunale Luciano Pavarotti") is an <a href="Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> in Modena. The idea for the creation of the present theatre dates from 1838, when it became apparent that the then-existing Teatro Comunale di via Emilia (in dual private and public ownership) was no longer suitable for staging opera. However, this house had been the venue for presentations of all of the works of <a href="Donizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, <a href="Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a> and <a href="Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a> up to this time, and a flourishing operatic culture existed in Modena.

</p><p>Under the Mayor of Modena in collaboration with the Conservatorio dell'Illustrissima Comunità (Conservatory of the Most Illustrious Community), architect Francesco Vandelli was engaged to design the Teatro dell'Illustrissima Comunità, as the theatre was first called, "for the dignity of the city and for the transmission of the scenic arts".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paid for in the manner typical of the time – from the sale of boxes – in addition to a significant gift from Duke Friedrich IV, Vandelli created a design for the new theatre combining ideas from those in <a href="Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a>, and <a href="Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, and it opened on 2 October 1841 with a performance of Gandini's <i>Adelaide di Borgogna al Castello di Canossa</i>, an opera specially commissioned for the occasion.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div>

<p>Modena has a rich and diversified cuisine, often including meats, hams and salamis. One of the most famous <i>modenese</i> dishes is <i><a href="Cotechino_Modena" title="Cotechino Modena">zampone</a></i> (the fatter and heartier version) or <i><a href="Cotechino_Modena" title="Cotechino Modena">cotechino Modena</a></i> (<i>cotechino</i> is leaner and less fat than <i>zampone</i>). <i>Cotechino</i> dates back to around 1511 to <a href="Mirandola" title="Mirandola">Mirandola</a>, where, whilst besieged, the people had to find a way to preserve meat and use the less tender cuts, so made the <i>cotechino</i>. By the 18th century it had become more popular than the yellowish sausage had been around at the time, and in the 19th century was in <a href="Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass production</a> in and around the area.

</p><p>Modena's contribution to the Italian pasta culture are <i><a href="Tortellini" title="Tortellini">tortellini</a></i> and <i><a href="Tortelloni" title="Tortelloni">tortelloni</a></i>, which are squares of pasta shaped in the form of a ring and stuffed with meat or cheese.

</p><p><i><a href="Cappello_del_prete" title="Cappello del prete">Cappello del prete</a></i> is also a popular meal, which is a very fatty pig's trotter. Other dishes include <i><a href="Torta_Barozzi" title="Torta Barozzi">torta Barozzi</a></i> or <i><a href="Torta_Barozzi" title="Torta Barozzi">torta nera</a></i>, which is a black tart (a dessert made with a coffee/cocoa and almond filling encased in a fine pastry dough), <i><a href="Ciccioli" title="Ciccioli">ciccioli</a></i>, made by slowly cooking, compressing, drying, and aging fatty, leftover pieces of pork, and <i>pesto modenese</i>, which is cured pork back fat pounded with garlic, rosemary and <a href="Parmesan" title="Parmesan">Parmesan</a>, used to fill borlenghi and crescentine.

</p><p><a href="Balsamic_vinegar_of_Modena" title="Balsamic vinegar of Modena">Balsamic vinegar of Modena</a> became a <a href="Protected_geographical_indication" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected geographical indication">protected geographical indication</a> under EU law in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Balsamic Vinegar is a condiment for salad, cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. The practice of cooking the must of grapes can be traced back to the ancient Romans: the so-called sapum was used both as a medicinal product and in the kitchen as a sweetener and condiment. The long history of the Balsamic Vinegar came to us through centuries and now is most consumed abroad than in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Modena contains Italy's most acclaimed restaurant, <a href="Osteria_Francescana" title="Osteria Francescana">Osteria Francescana</a>, which holds three stars in the <a href="Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> since 2013 and, as of 2018, has been named as the best restaurant in the world in <a href="The_World's_50_Best_Restaurants" title="The World's 50 Best Restaurants">The World's 50 Best Restaurants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Art studio <a href="Fuse*" title="Fuse*">fuse*</a> is based in Modena.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div>

<p>Modena and its province is one of Italy's most affluent areas, thanks to a rich agriculture and numerous small and medium manufacturing enterprises. Among the largest employers are <a href="BPER_Banca" title="BPER Banca">BPER Banca</a>, the publishing company <a href="Panini_Group" title="Panini Group">Panini Group</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Luigi_Cremonini" title="Luigi Cremonini">Cremonini Group</a>, one of Europe's largest meat packaging and catering companies; Grandi Salumifici Italiani and Parmareggio, <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_Fini" class="extiw external" title="it:Gruppo Fini">Gruppo Fini</a> other large food processing companies; <a href="Liu_Jo" title="Liu Jo">Liu Jo</a>, a large clothing company.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive_industry">Automotive industry</h3></div>

<p>Modena alongside <a href="Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, are among Italy's main centres of the automotive industry, having a rich history and tradition in this field. The iconic <a href="Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> brand was founded in Modena by Modenese legendary car tycoon <a href="Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, and today is headquartered just outside the city, in the suburb of <a href="Maranello" title="Maranello">Maranello</a>. Several other Italian luxury automobile manufacturers such as <a href="Pagani_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagani (company)">Pagani</a> and <a href="Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a> are headquartered in the Modena area. The electric motorcycle maker <a href="Energica_Motor_Company" title="Energica Motor Company">Energica Motor Company</a> is headquartered in the city.

</p><p><a href="Autodromo_(company)" title="Autodromo (company)">Carrozzeria Autodromo Modena</a>, originally a maker of racing cars, which later became one of the best-known <a href="Bus" title="Bus">bus</a> manufacturers in Italy, was based in Modena and in business from 1949 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazetta-2004-CAM_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazetta-2004-CAM-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Vittorio_Bellentani" title="Vittorio Bellentani">Vittorio Bellentani</a> (1906–1968), engineer and racing driver</li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Berechiah_of_Modena" title="Aaron Berechiah of Modena">Aaron Berechiah of Modena</a> (1549–1639), <a href="Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">kabbalist</a> and author<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Maurizio_Ceresoli" title="Maurizio Ceresoli">Maurizio Ceresoli</a> (born 1983), racing driver</li>

<li><a href="Giuseppe_Castagnetti" title="Giuseppe Castagnetti">Giuseppe Castagnetti</a> (1909–1965), Roman Catholic politician</li>

<li><a href="Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a> (1898–1988), founder of <a href="Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirella_Freni" title="Mirella Freni">Mirella Freni</a> (1935–2020), operatic soprano</li>

<li><a href="Francesco_Guccini" title="Francesco Guccini">Francesco Guccini</a> (born 1940), singer and songwriter</li>

<li><a href="Stefano_Modena" title="Stefano Modena">Stefano Modena</a> (born 1963), racing driver</li>

<li><a href="Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> (1935–2007), operatic tenor</li>

<li><a href="Abraham_Rovigo" title="Abraham Rovigo">Abraham Rovigo</a> (1650–1713), <a href="Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">kabbalist</a>, <a href="Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a>, and scholar.</li>

<li><a href="Sergio_Sighinolfi" title="Sergio Sighinolfi">Sergio Sighinolfi</a> (1925–1956), racing driver</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2></div>

<p><a href="Modena_railway_station" title="Modena railway station">Modena railway station</a>, opened in 1859, forms part of the <a href="Milan%E2%80%93Bologna_railway" title="Milan–Bologna railway">Milan–Bologna railway</a>, and is also a terminus of two secondary railways, linking Modena with each of Verona and Sassuolo.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urban_transport">Urban transport</h3></div>

<p>Modena's urban public transport network is operated by SETA. The network includes the <a href="Trolleybuses_in_Modena" title="Trolleybuses in Modena">Modena trolleybus system</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div>

<p>Modena has a strong sporting tradition, linked mainly to <a href="Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motor racing</a> as the birthplace of <a href="Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, founder of the eponymous motor racing team and car manufacturer based in nearby <a href="Maranello" title="Maranello">Maranello</a>. The <a href="Ferrari_360" title="Ferrari 360">Ferrari 360 Modena</a> was named after the city. Modena is known as the world's 'Supercar Capital', being the nearest large town to the homes of <a href="Maserati" title="Maserati">Maserati</a>, <a href="Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a>, <a href="Pagani_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagani (company)">Pagani</a> and previously also <a href="Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a> and <a href="De_Tomaso" title="De Tomaso">De Tomaso</a>.

</p><p>The city has had two major football clubs: <a href="Modena_F.C._2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Modena F.C. 2018">Modena F.C.</a>, who played in <a href="Serie_B" title="Serie B">Serie B</a> for many years but was dissolved in 2017, and Serie B team <a href="A.C._Carpi" class="mw-redirect" title="A.C. Carpi">Carpi F.C. 1909</a>. In 2018, Modena F.C. was reincarnated as <a href="Modena_F.C._2018" class="mw-redirect" title="Modena F.C. 2018">Modena F.C. 2018</a> who play at the 21,151-seat <a href="Stadio_Alberto_Braglia" title="Stadio Alberto Braglia">Stadio Alberto Braglia</a>, the former home of Modena F.C. which has also hosted international <a href="Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> plays an important role in Modena's sport history, with <a href="Modena_Volley" title="Modena Volley">Modena Volley</a> having won 12 National championships, four Champion's League seasons, and other trophies.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There is also a baseball club with 50 years' tradition—the <a href="Modena_Baseball_Club" title="Modena Baseball Club">Modena BBC</a>, currently playing in the A-Series of the <a href="Italian_Baseball_League" title="Italian Baseball League">Italian Baseball League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Italy" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy">List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3></div>

<p>Modena is <a href="Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

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<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"></a></span></span> <a href="Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, Kazakhstan</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="China" title="China"></a></span></span> <a href="Benxi" title="Benxi">Benxi</a>, China</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Highland_Park%2C_Illinois" title="Highland Park, Illinois">Highland Park, Illinois</a>, United States</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a></span></span> <a href="Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Austria</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a></span></span> <a href="Londrina" title="Londrina">Londrina</a>, Brazil</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Serbia" title="Serbia"></a></span></span> <a href="Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Serbia</li>

<li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul, Minnesota</a>, United States</li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consulates">Consulates</h3></div>

<ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Latvia" title="Latvia"></a></span></span> <a href="Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li></ul>

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<ul><li><a href="Aerautodromo_di_Modena" title="Aerautodromo di Modena">Aerautodromo di Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Duchy_of_Modena_and_Reggio" title="Duchy of Modena and Reggio">Duchy of Modena and Reggio</a></li>

<li><a href="Duke_of_Ferrara_and_of_Modena" title="Duke of Ferrara and of Modena">Duke of Ferrara and of Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena, Queen of England</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacopo_Zoboli" title="Jacopo Zoboli">Jacopo Zoboli</a></li>

<li><a href="Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">Ludovico Antonio Muratori</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224">"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011"</a>. Italian National Institute of Statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/modena">"Modena"</a>. <i><a href="Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Modena">"Modena"</a>. <i><a href="Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRedazione2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redazione (10 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beverfood.com/aceto-balsamico-modena-dop-igp-storia-millenaria-wd/">"Aceto balsamico di Modena DOP IGP: una storia millenaria"</a>. <i>beverfood.com</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-EB1911-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Modena"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Modena">"Modena" </a></span>. <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">641–</span>642.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Clim-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clim_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arpae.it/it/temi-ambientali/clima/dati-e-indicatori/tabelle-climatiche/tabelle-climatologiche-1961-2020">"Tabelle climatologiche"</a>. Arpae Emilia-Romagna agenzia prevenzione ambiente energia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Clim2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Clim2_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climieviaggi.it/clima/italia/modena">"Clima - Modena (Emilia Romagna)"</a>. Climi e viaggi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Censimenti%20popolazione/Censimentipopolazioneresidentedal1861/RML0050288Pop_res_cens_1861_1991.pdf">"Popolazione residente dei comuni. Censimenti dal 1861 al 1991"</a> [Resident population of the municipalities. Censuses from 1861 to 1991] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). <a href="National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-timeseries-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeseries_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeseries_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esploradati.censimentopopolazione.istat.it/databrowser/#/en/censtest/dashboards">"Dashboard Permanent census of population and housing"</a>. <a href="National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Statistics (Italy)">ISTAT</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casamuseolucianopavarotti.it/en/">Casa Museo Luciano Pavarotti</a> – Home of Luciano Pavarotti, now a museum</span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in Lynn, p.191</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32000R0813">Council Regulation (EC) No 813/2000 of 17 April 2000 supplementing the Annex to Commission Regulation (EC) No 1107/96 on the registration of geographical indications and designations of origin under the procedure laid down in Article 17 of Regulation (EEC) No 2081/92</a>, designating balsamic vinegars from Modena and Reggio Emilia.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consorziobalsamico.it/consortium/history-of-the-consortium/?lang=en">"History of the consortium"</a>. <i>Consorzio Tutela Aceto Balsamico di Modena</i>. 4 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.italiaregina.it/balsamic-vinegar/">"Balsamic Vinegar"</a>. <i>Italiaregina.it</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/worlds-best-restaurants-2018/index.html">"World's best restaurant for 2018"</a>. <i>CNN Travel</i>. 19 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paninigroup.com/exp_new/1.asp">Corporate Info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823113233/http://www.paninigroup.com/exp_new/1.asp">Archived</a> 23 August 2009 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="Panini_Group" title="Panini Group">Panini Group</a>. Retrieved on 5 September 2009.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Gazetta-2004-CAM-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gazetta-2004-CAM_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPedrazzi2004" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pedrazzi, Gianluca (18 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511080947/http://ricerca.gelocal.it/gazzettadimodena/archivio/gazzettadimodena/2004/06/18/DC1PO_DC101.html">"Carrozzeria Autodromo, è fallimento"</a> [Autodromo Coachworks, it's a failure]. <i><a href="Gazzetta_di_Modena" title="Gazzetta di Modena">Gazzetta di Modena</a></i> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricerca.gelocal.it/gazzettadimodena/archivio/gazzettadimodena/2004/06/18/DC1PO_DC101.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/modena">"Modena, Italy"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federugby.it/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2116:italia-mallett-conferma-il-gruppo-dei-convocati-per-il-test-di-modena-con-fiji&catid=109:italia&Itemid=415">"Italia, Mallett Conferma il Gruppo Dei Concocati per il Test di Modena con Fiji"</a>. <i>www.federugby.it</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modenavolley.it/club/palmares/">"Palmares"</a>. <i>Modena Volley</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.modenabaseball.it/">"Modena Baseball Club | Modena Baseball"</a> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comune.modena.it/il-comune/gemellaggi-e-reti">"Gemellaggi e Reti nazionali ed europee"</a>. <i>comune.modena.it</i> (in Italian). Modena<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitlakecounty.org/Sister-Cities">"Sister Cities"</a>. <i>visitlakecounty.org</i>. Highland Park<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Timeline_of_Modena#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Modena">Bibliography of the history of Modena</a></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turismo.comune.modena.it/en?set_language=en">Official website of the Modena Tourist Information Office</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040316003425/http://www.traces-cl.com/archive/mar99/themiddl.html">Description of the cathedral</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705091432/http://modena.vp44.com/">Webcam Modena</a> Street webcam located Via Sauro, downtown Modena</li></ul>

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</style><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy540" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northwest_Italy" title="Northwest Italy">Northwest</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Crespi_d'Adda" title="Crespi d'Adda">Crespi d'Adda</a></li>

<li><a href="Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historic_center_of_Genoa" title="Historic center of Genoa">Historic center</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ivrea" title="Ivrea">Ivrea</a></li>

<li><a href="Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="Sabbioneta" title="Sabbioneta">Sabbioneta</a></li>

<li><a href="Monte_San_Giorgio" title="Monte San Giorgio">Monte San Giorgio</a><sup>1</sup></li>

<li><a href="Porto_Venere" title="Porto Venere">Porto Venere</a>, <a href="Palmaria_(island)" title="Palmaria (island)">Palmaria</a>, <a href="Tino_(island)" title="Tino (island)">Tino</a> and <a href="Tinetto" title="Tinetto">Tinetto</a>, <a href="Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a></li>

<li><a href="Residences_of_the_Royal_House_of_Savoy" title="Residences of the Royal House of Savoy">Residences of the Royal House of Savoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Rhaetian_Railway" title="Rhaetian Railway">Rhaetian Railway</a> in the <a href="Albula_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albula Railway">Albula</a> / <a href="Bernina_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernina railway">Bernina</a> Landscapes<sup>1</sup></li>

<li><a href="Rock_Drawings_in_Valcamonica" title="Rock Drawings in Valcamonica">Rock Drawings in Valcamonica</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacri_Monti_of_Piedmont_and_Lombardy" title="Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy"><i>Sacri Monti</i> of Piedmont and Lombardy</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Maria_delle_Grazie_(Milan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria delle Grazie (Milan)">Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan</a></li>

<li><a href="Vineyard_Landscape_of_Piedmont%3A_Langhe-Roero_and_Monferrato" title="Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont: Langhe-Roero and Monferrato">Vineyard Landscape of Piedmont</a>: <a href="Langhe" title="Langhe">Langhe</a>-<a href="Roero" title="Roero">Roero</a> and <a href="Montferrat" title="Montferrat">Monferrato</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Northeast_Italy" title="Northeast Italy">Northeast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li>

<li>Le Colline del <a href="Prosecco" title="Prosecco">Prosecco</a> di <a href="Conegliano" title="Conegliano">Conegliano</a> e <a href="Valdobbiadene" title="Valdobbiadene">Valdobbiadene</a></li>

<li><a href="Modena_Cathedral" title="Modena Cathedral">Modena Cathedral</a>, <a href="Torre_della_Ghirlandina" title="Torre della Ghirlandina">Torre della Ghirlandina</a> and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Main_sights">Piazza Grande, Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li>

<li><a href="Padua's_fourteenth-century_fresco_cycles" title="Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles">Padua's fourteenth-century fresco cycles</a></li>

<li><a href="Porticoes_of_Bologna" title="Porticoes of Bologna">Porticoes of Bologna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravenna#Main_sights" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li>

<li><a href="Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li>

<li><a href="City_of_Vicenza_and_the_Palladian_Villas_of_the_Veneto" title="City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto">City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a> and <a href="Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li>

<li>Etruscan Necropolises of <a href="Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a> and <a href="Tarquinia" title="Tarquinia">Tarquinia</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe - Montecatini Terme</a></li>

<li><a href="Historic_Centre_of_Florence" title="Historic Centre of Florence">Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Hadrian's_Villa" title="Hadrian's Villa">Hadrian's Villa</a></li>

<li><a href="Medici_villas" title="Medici villas">Medici villas</a></li>

<li><a href="Piazza_dei_Miracoli" title="Piazza dei Miracoli">Piazza del Duomo, Pisa</a></li>

<li><a href="Pienza" title="Pienza">Pienza</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Gimignano" title="San Gimignano">San Gimignano</a></li>

<li><a href="Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a></li>

<li><a href="Urbino" title="Urbino">Urbino</a></li>

<li><a href="Val_d'Orcia" title="Val d'Orcia">Val d'Orcia</a></li>

<li><a href="Villa_d'Este" title="Villa d'Este">Villa d'Este</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="South_Italy" title="South Italy">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alberobello" title="Alberobello">Alberobello</a></li>

<li><a href="Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Appian_Way" title="Appian Way">Appian Way</a> (with <a href="Via_Traiana" title="Via Traiana">Via Traiana</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Castel_del_Monte%2C_Apulia" title="Castel del Monte, Apulia">Castel del Monte, Apulia</a></li>

<li><a href="Parco_Nazionale_del_Cilento%2C_Vallo_di_Diano_e_Alburni" title="Parco Nazionale del Cilento, Vallo di Diano e Alburni">Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park</a>, <a href="Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and <a href="Velia" title="Velia">Velia</a>, <a href="Certosa_di_Padula" title="Certosa di Padula">Certosa di Padula</a></li>

<li><a href="Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a></li>

<li><a href="Oplontis" title="Oplontis">Oplontis</a> and <a href="Villa_Poppaea" title="Villa Poppaea">Villa Poppaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>

<ul><li><a href="Historic_Centre_of_Naples" title="Historic Centre of Naples">Historic Centre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a>, <a href="Aqueduct_of_Vanvitelli" title="Aqueduct of Vanvitelli">Aqueduct of Vanvitelli</a> and <a href="San_Leucio" title="San Leucio">San Leucio Complex</a></li>

<li><a href="Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a></li>

<li><a href="Sassi_di_Matera" title="Sassi di Matera">Sassi di Matera</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Insular_Italy" title="Insular Italy">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></li>

<li><a href="Arab-Norman_Palermo_and_the_Cathedral_Churches_of_Cefal%C3%B9_and_Monreale" title="Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale">Arab-Norman Palermo and the Cathedral Churches of Cefalù and Monreale</a></li>

<li><a href="Valle_dei_Templi" title="Valle dei Templi">Archaeological Area of Agrigento</a></li>

<li><a href="Su_Nuraxi_(Barumini)" title="Su Nuraxi (Barumini)">Barumini nuraghes</a></li>

<li><a href="Domus_de_Janas" title="Domus de Janas">Domus de Janas</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a></li>

<li><a href="Syracuse%2C_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> and <a href="Necropolis_of_Pantalica" title="Necropolis of Pantalica">Necropolis of Pantalica</a></li>

<li><a href="Villa_Romana_del_Casale" title="Villa Romana del Casale">Villa Romana del Casale</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countrywide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Longobards_in_Italy%2C_Places_of_Power_(568%E2%80%93774_A.D.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)">Longobards in Italy, Places of Power (568–774 A.D.)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cividale_del_Friuli" title="Cividale del Friuli">Cividale del Friuli</a></li>

<li><a href="Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)" title="Castelseprio (archaeological park)">Castelseprio</a></li>

<li><a href="Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_of_Clitumnus" title="Temple of Clitumnus">Temple of Clitumnus</a> located at <a href="Campello_sul_Clitunno" title="Campello sul Clitunno">Campello sul Clitunno</a></li>

<li><a href="Santa_Sofia%2C_Benevento" title="Santa Sofia, Benevento">Santa Sofia</a> located at <a href="Benevento" title="Benevento">Benevento</a></li>

<li><a href="Sanctuary_of_Monte_Sant'Angelo" title="Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo">Sanctuary of Monte Sant'Angelo</a> located at <a href="Monte_Sant'Angelo" title="Monte Sant'Angelo">Monte Sant'Angelo</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup>3</sup></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup>4</sup></li>

<li><a href="Venetian_Works_of_Defence_between_15th_and_17th_centuries%3A_Stato_da_Terra_%E2%80%93_western_Stato_da_Mar" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar">Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries</a><sup>5</sup>

<ul><li><a href="Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmanova" title="Palmanova">Palmanova</a></li>

<li><a href="Peschiera_del_Garda" title="Peschiera del Garda">Peschiera del Garda</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> with <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><sup><small>3</small></sup> with <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li>

<li><sup><small>4</small></sup> with 17 other countries</li>

<li><sup><small>5</small></sup> with <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Emilia-Romagna_·_Comuni_of_the_Province_of_Modena79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Emilia-Romagna_·_Comuni_of_the_Province_of_Modena79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> · <i><a href="Comune" title="Comune">Comuni</a></i> of the <a href="Province_of_Modena" title="Province of Modena">Province of Modena</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bastiglia" title="Bastiglia">Bastiglia</a></li>

<li><a href="Bomporto" title="Bomporto">Bomporto</a></li>

<li><a href="Campogalliano" title="Campogalliano">Campogalliano</a></li>

<li><a href="Camposanto" title="Camposanto">Camposanto</a></li>

<li><a href="Carpi%2C_Emilia-Romagna" title="Carpi, Emilia-Romagna">Carpi</a></li>

<li><a href="Castelfranco_Emilia" title="Castelfranco Emilia">Castelfranco Emilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Castelnuovo_Rangone" title="Castelnuovo Rangone">Castelnuovo Rangone</a></li>

<li><a href="Castelvetro_di_Modena" title="Castelvetro di Modena">Castelvetro di Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Cavezzo" title="Cavezzo">Cavezzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Concordia_sulla_Secchia" title="Concordia sulla Secchia">Concordia sulla Secchia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fanano" title="Fanano">Fanano</a></li>

<li><a href="Finale_Emilia" title="Finale Emilia">Finale Emilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiorano_Modenese" title="Fiorano Modenese">Fiorano Modenese</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiumalbo" title="Fiumalbo">Fiumalbo</a></li>

<li><a href="Formigine" title="Formigine">Formigine</a></li>

<li><a href="Frassinoro" title="Frassinoro">Frassinoro</a></li>

<li><a href="Guiglia" title="Guiglia">Guiglia</a></li>

<li><a href="Lama_Mocogno" title="Lama Mocogno">Lama Mocogno</a></li>

<li><a href="Maranello" title="Maranello">Maranello</a></li>

<li><a href="Marano_sul_Panaro" title="Marano sul Panaro">Marano sul Panaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Medolla" title="Medolla">Medolla</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirandola" title="Mirandola">Mirandola</a></li>

<li><a href="Montecreto" title="Montecreto">Montecreto</a></li>

<li><a href="Montefiorino" title="Montefiorino">Montefiorino</a></li>

<li><a href="Montese" title="Montese">Montese</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonantola" title="Nonantola">Nonantola</a></li>

<li><a href="Novi_di_Modena" title="Novi di Modena">Novi di Modena</a></li>

<li><a href="Palagano" title="Palagano">Palagano</a></li>

<li><a href="Pavullo_nel_Frignano" title="Pavullo nel Frignano">Pavullo nel Frignano</a></li>

<li><a href="Pievepelago" title="Pievepelago">Pievepelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Polinago" title="Polinago">Polinago</a></li>

<li><a href="Prignano_sulla_Secchia" title="Prignano sulla Secchia">Prignano sulla Secchia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravarino" title="Ravarino">Ravarino</a></li>

<li><a href="Riolunato" title="Riolunato">Riolunato</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Cesario_sul_Panaro" title="San Cesario sul Panaro">San Cesario sul Panaro</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Felice_sul_Panaro" title="San Felice sul Panaro">San Felice sul Panaro</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Possidonio" title="San Possidonio">San Possidonio</a></li>

<li><a href="San_Prospero" title="San Prospero">San Prospero</a></li>

<li><a href="Sassuolo" title="Sassuolo">Sassuolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Savignano_sul_Panaro" title="Savignano sul Panaro">Savignano sul Panaro</a></li>

<li><a href="Scandiano" title="Scandiano">Scandiano</a></li>

<li><a href="Serramazzoni" title="Serramazzoni">Serramazzoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Sestola" title="Sestola">Sestola</a></li>

<li><a href="Soliera" title="Soliera">Soliera</a></li>

<li><a href="Spilamberto" title="Spilamberto">Spilamberto</a></li>

<li><a href="Vignola" title="Vignola">Vignola</a></li>

<li><a href="Zocca" title="Zocca">Zocca</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Italy_by_population91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cities_in_Italy_by_population91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities in Italy</a> by population</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li>

<li><a href="Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a></li>

<li><a href="Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></li>

<li><a href="Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a></li>

<li><a href="Catania" title="Catania">Catania</a></li>

<li><a href="Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></li>

<li><a href="Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></li>

<li><a href="Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a></li>

<li><a href="Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></li>

<li><a href="Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></li>

<li><a href="Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a></li>

<li><a href="Andria" title="Andria">Andria</a></li>

<li><a href="Arezzo" title="Arezzo">Arezzo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a></li>

<li><a href="Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a></li>

<li><a href="Brescia" title="Brescia">Brescia</a></li>

<li><a href="Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a></li>

<li><a href="Foggia" title="Foggia">Foggia</a></li>

<li><a href="Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a></li>

<li><a href="Giugliano_in_Campania" title="Giugliano in Campania">Giugliano</a></li>

<li><a href="Latina%2C_Lazio" title="Latina, Lazio">Latina</a></li>

<li><a href="Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a></li>

<li><a href="Monza" title="Monza">Monza</a></li>

<li><a href="Novara" title="Novara">Novara</a></li>

<li><a href="Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a></li>

<li><a href="Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pescara" title="Pescara">Pescara</a></li>

<li><a href="Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a></li>

<li><a href="Prato" title="Prato">Prato</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a></li>

<li><a href="Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a></li>

<li><a href="Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a></li>

<li><a href="Rimini" title="Rimini">Rimini</a></li>

<li><a href="Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a></li>

<li><a href="Sassari" title="Sassari">Sassari</a></li>

<li><a href="Syracuse%2C_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a></li>

<li><a href="Terni" title="Terni">Terni</a></li>

<li><a href="Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></li>

<li><a href="Udine" title="Udine">Udine</a></li>

<li><a href="Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2281" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2281" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121569640">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130110243">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205925">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdhdFJ86PKRPHYX87yh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4115170-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79084709">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948652h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11948652h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Modena (Itálie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge293100&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX455798">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=261846">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text external" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/33930">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548075505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/86c04648-2c5c-4c33-87d9-8a2384c0d05c">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04333402?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02639278X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045055">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/place/f6046df3-2c8f-49ec-a5c2-54651aa7e3b8">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-29" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Modena&oldid=1303124960">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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